The United States Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) was created following the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) of 1994. The Act was renewed in 2005 and again in 2013. The VAWA legislation requires OVW to work to respond to and reduce violence against women in many different areas, including on college campuses and in people's homes. VAWA requires OVW to administer justice and strengthen services for victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking.
The OVW is headed by a director, who is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Principal Deputy Director serves directly under the Director as do the Deputy Directors. Currently the positions of Director and Principal Deputy Director are vacant. Until January 2017, Bea Hanson, Ph.D. was the Acting Director and Principal Deputy Director. In January 2017, Deputy Director Nadine M. Neufville became Acting Director.
As an office in the United States Department of Justice, the Office on Violence Against Women receives federal funding for federal grants that are awarded to communities across America. These grants are used to create successful partnerships between federal, state, tribal, and local authorities as well as provide helpful services to victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. Currently the OVW funds approximately 2 2 grant programs. These grants are for programs designed to reduce these crimes; for example, Sexual Assault Services Program assists victims of sexual assault and family members affected by it and others. Since its inception, the OVW has awarded over $6 billion in grants directed towards such projects.
Video Office on Violence Against Women
Organization
The Office on Violence Against Women (OVW) is headed by a Director. The Principal Deputy Director serves under the Director, and the Deputy Director for Tribal Affairs under the Principal Deputy Director. On the third and lowest tier of the office rests Training and Technical Assistance, Program Development and Evaluation and Demonstration/Special Projects.
Director
Since 2002, the Director of the OVW has been a position that must be appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The Director serves as the liaison between the Federal, state, tribal, and international governments in regards to matters concerning Violence Against Women (i.e., crimes of domestic violence, sexual assault, dating violence and stalking). The Director also serves in that role internationally, with Native American tribes in the country, and within other offices of the United States Government. The Director reports to the Attorney General and is responsible for the legal and policy provisions that are implemented under the Violence Against Women Act. The Director of the OVW also has ultimate control over all grants, cooperative agreements and contracts that OVW issues, and oversees a budget of almost $400 million.
List of Directors
Maps Office on Violence Against Women
Grant Programs
OVW administers approximately 24 grant programs. Twenty programs use discretionary grant funds and four use formula grant funds. The Office can determine both how discretionary funds will be used and in what context. formula grants are must be distributed according to how the legislation describes. In order to receive funding under the formula grant program, the grant applicant must meet certain standards and qualifications.
Current Formula Grant Programs
Current Discretionary Grant Programs
Formerly Authorized Grant Programs
Activities previously funded by these grant programs are supported by the Consolidated Youth Program.
Besides these specifically mentioned grant programs, the Senate bill that enacted the VAWA also created National Domestic Violence Hotline and provided grants for police training and other additional training in the judicial system. The bill also reassessed current laws on prosecuting domestic violence, sexual assault and stalking and provided for the creation of new laws to address gaps in jurisdiction.[42] According to the non-profit Break the Cycle, the community focus of many of these grants has made the legislation influential in improving services, advocacy, and responses by criminal justice across the country.
Funding Criticisms
There have been critiques of the OVW. Generally, the criticisms regard the implementation of the OVW's programs, i.e., how effective the programs have been in actually decreasing domestic violence. While many scholars do not object to the idea of the VAWA, some specialists have opinions about to whom, where and how the OVW should allocate its funding.
A study from the Journal of Marriage and Family stated that the "VAWA does not specifically target funds to areas that are in the greatest need-communities with the most intimate partner violence. Instead of being targeted, such organizations must apply for VAWA funding. Although some effort has been made to distribute funds to reach the high-need areas and to address specific inadequacies, the funding process currently favors existing organizations. However, this may not be the most effective way of reaching communities with the greatest need." The OVW has taken this criticism under consideration, and is currently in the process of finding new strategies to improve in these areas.
Other critics postulate that the VAWA does not allocate enough resources to men who suffer from domestic violence. There are claims that the OVW portrays women as the only victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking, while men are solely perpetrators of these crimes. The CDC offers that 13.8% of males have reported abuse, but supporting organizations of the VAWA, such as the NNEDV, posit that that number has actually increased up to 37%. Others, including Connie Morella for the National Council of Jewish Women, have said that the VAWA does not allocate enough funds or provide assistance to immigrant women, who they say often cannot receive state or federal assistance because of their status. Concerned Women for America believe that the OVW should do more to promote a better image of marriage and healthy relationships and focus on real abuse crimes, instead of using the VAWA to expand the meaning of domestic violence to more trivial cases and leaving less monetary funding and judiciary assistance for the 'real' victims. At present, the OVW's definition of domestic violence encompasses all forms of abuse, including those of an emotional, economic, psychological, physical and sexual nature.
The reauthorization of the VAWA on February 28, 2013 was achieved despite some significant controversy in regards to the new provisions of the Act that include the LGBT community, Native Tribes, and undocumented immigrants. Twenty-two members of the U.S. House of representatives opposed the reauthorization because of the additional provision that protects those minority communities. However, according to the CDC, partners in homosexual relationships say that they have encountered similar or greater levels of domestic violence in their lifetime than their straight counterparts. The 2013 re-authorization of the VAWA proved to be more challenging than its last re-authorization in 2005, but the achieved changes focus mostly in who the VAWA will now protect and how much money the Act allocates for helping those additional groups.
Challenges Facing OVW
Mandatory Arrest Laws
While Congress was preparing to reauthorize VAWA in 2013, Time Magazine published an article arguing that "[d]omestic violence is still a severely under-reported crime and some critics say mandatory arrest policies have exacerbated this problem." Furthermore, in Time Magazine the author concluded that "mandatory arrest laws remove the preferences of abused women from a process that can leave them financially strapped and worried that the state will take custody of their children."
The mandatory arrest policies were established in the original 1994 version of VAWA. These policies encouraged law enforcement to make arrests and move forward with domestic violence cases without the cooperation of victims. Contrary to what Time Magazine states about mandatory arrest provisions, the provisions were removed from VAWA in 2000. While reviewing and reauthorizing VAWA in 2000, Congress changed from "encourage mandatory arrest" policies to "encourage arrest" policies instead, which focus on arresting based on probable cause.
See also
- Dating Violence
- Domestic Violence
- Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
- Rape
- Sexual Assault
- Stalking
- United States Associate Attorney General
- United States Department of Justice
- Violence Against Women Act
- Women's Rights
References
External links
- Office on Violence Against Women Website
Further reading
- Bohmer, Carol, Denise E. Bronson, Helen Hartnett, Jennifer Brandt, and Kristen S. Kania (1999). "Evaluation of Victim Advocacy Services Funded by the Violence Against Women Act in Urban Ohio". Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. doi:10.3886/icpsr02992.v2. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- Letourn, Elizabeth J.; et al. (2010). "Evaluating the Effectiveness of Sex Offender Registration and Notification Policies for Reducing Sexual Violence against Women" (PDF). Medical University of South Carolina.
- Saunders, Penelope & Soderlund, Gretchen (2003). "Threat or opportunity?: sexuality, gender and the ebb and flow of trafficking as discourse". Canadian Woman Studies. 22 (3): 16-24.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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